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\par                                              }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\ul\insrsid1661364 Partiality and Prejudice
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364    
\par 
\par The marginalia in Jane Austen\rquote s hand in a family copy of Oliver Goldsmith\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 History of England, from the Earliest Times to the Death of George II}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364  have been known since Mary Augusta Austen-Leigh first quoted from them in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 Personal Aspects  of Jane Austen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 in 1920, but they have only recently been fully transcribed and annotated by Peter Sabor in his 2006 Cambridge edition of Austen\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 Juvenilia}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 . When just a tenth of this material was available, it was recognized as a remarkable insight into \lquote Elementary Jane\rquote ; Sabor\rquote 
s revelation of the full text sheds much more light on the character, both impassioned and ultra-sophisticated, of the teenage writer whose own \lquote History of England [\'85] by a partial, prejudiced, and ignorant Historian\rquote 
 was completed before her sixteenth birthday. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1661364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364          The four volumes of Goldsmith\rquote s }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 History}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364  (a 1771 edition) are still in the possession of   Austen descendants and bear the ownership signature of Jane\rquote 
s eldest brother, James. The scholar Mary Lascelles speculated that it may once have been the schoolroom copy at Steventon Rectory, used by the Austen children and the young gentleman boarders that came to be tu
tored by the Revd George Austen. That would explain how Jane had scribbling access to it: not all the marginal marks and comments are in her hand and someone, presumably a child, has coloured in the medallion portraits in the book and highlighted words in
 paint. If the book was in common use at the date of Austen\rquote s marginalia it might also account for the decidedly  performative tone of her remarks, which smack more of acting up or answering back than \lquote notes to self\rquote 
. It is possible to hear in her commentary something other than the fifteen-year old \lquote laughing, in her corner, at the world\rquote  that Virginia Woolf imagined when she first read Austen\rquote 
s juvenilia, to hear a quick-witted, praise-hungry girl competing for attention in a household of boys, ostensibly responding to the author, Goldsmith, but more likely addressing her fellow-readers of the book.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1661364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 
         Austen had read the first two volumes of the work - they contain a chronology of events in her hand and the single comment \lquote wretches\rquote  against Goldsmith\rquote s description of the murder of the Princes in the Tower \endash 
 but it isn\rquote t until the third of the four volumes, when the narrative reaches the Civil War, that her commentary breaks out in earnest, and she begins to show her colours as an energetic partisan o
f the House of Stuart. When Goldsmith describes the Parliamentarians of 1642 as having \lquote the wishes of all the most active members of the nation\rquote , Austen writes in the margin \lquote Shame to such Members\rquote 
. When the historian describes Cromwell\rquote s modest background - \lquote he inherited a very small paternal fortune\rquote - Austen comments \lquote And that was more than he deserved\rquote . When Cromwell beats the Scots in 1650, with losses 
\lquote not [\'85] above forty men\rquote , she remarks \lquote It is a pity there were not forty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 !\rquote 
 and when the Lord Protector is described as marching towards battle at Worcester \lquote with hasty strides\rquote , she adds cheekily \lquote with his 7 league boots on -\rquote 
. The execution of the King predictably prompts heartfelt denunciations of those who supported it, testimony to \lquote the fortitude of the Stuarts when oppressed and accused!\rquote 
 and fervent praise for Lady Fairfax   who made bold loyalist remarks from the gallery during the trial.  
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         Austen is herself engaged in a similar kind of heckling, a surprising display of it, considering the supposed mildness of her political opinions in adult life and reticence to express them. In the 1860s, her niece Caroline could not recall 
\lquote any word or expression of  Aunt Jane\rquote s that had reference to public events \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 Some}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364  bias of course she }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 must}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364  have had \endash  but I can only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 guess}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364  to which quarter she inclined.\rquote   Both Caroline and her brother, James Edward Austen-Leigh, bore witness to the fact that their aunt was a \lquote vehement defender\rquote 
 of the Stuart cause, but both sought to play down its relevance. In his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 Memoir of Jane Austen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 , James Edward claimed that her 
\lquote strong political opinions\rquote  in youth faded to a safe \lquote moderate Toryism\rquote  by the time she became a published novelist, and speaks of her defence of the Stuarts as irrational, stemming \lquote rather from an impul
se of feeling than from any enquiry into the evidences by which they must be condemned or acquitted.\rquote 
 James Edward inherited the family copy of Goldsmith, and indeed added to the marginalia, congratulating his aunt on one of her most impassioned exclamations, but he left it to his daughter to make that public.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1661364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 
        Though written in pencil so light that some of her words have now floated off the page, Austen\rquote s outbursts show considerable \lquote impulse of feeling\rquote . Beside Goldsmith\rquote s verdict on the Stuarts as \lquote 
a family whose misfortunes and misconducts are not to be paralleled in history\rquote  she writes, \lquote A Family, who were always illused, Betrayed or Neglected Whose Virtues are seldom allowed while their Errors are never forgotten.\rquote 
 When he describes the Stuarts as persecuted by Fortune, Austen replies \lquote Too true!\rquote ; a touching speech attributed to the Bonnie Prince is annotated \lquote Who but a Stuart could have so spoken?\rquote  and at Balmerino\rquote 
s defiant final shout for King James she says \lquote Dear Balmerino! I cannot express what I feel for you.\rquote  The tone of her remarks fluctuates wildly from bluster, sarcasm, reflectiveness, compassion (\lquote Poor Man!\rquote  - James II; \lquote 
Sweet Man!\rquote  \endash  the Duke of Monmouth) to the purely facetious. When one of the Rye House plotters against Charles II is discovered in a chimney, Austen says \lquote how dirty he must have been\rquote 
 and when Goldsmith ruminates on the severity of the early Hanoverian laws \lquote enacted by that party [the Whigs] that are continually stunning mankind with a cry of freedom\rquote , the fifteen-year old replies, \lquote My dear Dr G \endash 
 I have lived long enough in the World to know that it is always so!\rquote    
\par             Contrary to her nephew\rquote s implication, Austen must have read a lot of history by the age of fifteen to have been able to counter Goldsmith with s
uch confidence. There are interesting references to the subject in two other works of the same period, \lquote Catharine, or The Bower\rquote  (an unfinished novel, with a dedication dated August 1792) and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 Northanger Abbey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 , which Austen re-wrote in the 1810s, but which 
is very much a product of the 1790s . The latter contains the well-known discussion about history (specifically, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 writing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 
 of it) between Henry and Eleanor Tilney and  the reluctant student Catherine Morland, who says:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1661364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 I shall not pity the writers of his
tory any longer. If people like to read their books, it is all very well, but to be at so much trouble in filling great volumes, which, as I used to think, nobody would willingly ever look into, to be labouring only for the torment of little boys and girl
s, always struck me as a hard fate; and though I know it is all very right and necessary, I have often wondered at the person\rquote s courage that could sit down on purpose to do it.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1661364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 
She declares herself a keen reader of novels and plays, but \lquote history, real solemn history, I cannot be interested in\rquote .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1661364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364          The same distinction between the \lquote 
light\rquote  reading of fiction and the \lquote better books\rquote  Catherine Morland imagines are the preserve of gentlemen is made in \lquote Catharine, or The Bower\rquote , but with a different slant. Whereas Catherine Morland \lquote 
did not know her own advantages\rquote  in being an ignoramus (men find it unthreatening, and therefore attractive), Catharine in \lquote The Bower\rquote  is well aware of the danger of \lquote knowing anything\rquote 
. Though bored to tears by a vacuous conversation with her friend Camilla and \lquote well read in Modern history herself\rquote , she chooses \lquote rather to speak first of Books of a lighter kind, of Books universally read and Admired.\rquote 
  Later in the fragment, she tests Edward Stanley\rquote s abilities by \lquote turning the Conversation on History\rquote  and the young couple have an ardent debate on the character of Richard III.  Catharine\rquote 
s judgement on the subject is described as \lquote easily decided [\'85] being guided by her feelings which were eager and warm\rquote  and \lquote though it was not always
 infallible, she defended it with a Spirit and Enthouisasm which marked her own reliance on it.\rquote  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1661364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 
            Study and imaginative engagement clearly fuelled Austen\rquote s own eager and warm feelings towards the Stuarts, but they were also endorsed by family t
radition, to an extent that has not been fully investigated. The Leighs, according to their descendant Mary-Augusta Austen-Leigh, were \lquote noted for inflexible loyalty to the House of Stuart through every change of fortune that befell its monarchs
\rquote . During the Civil War, their forbear Sir Thomas Leigh had received Charles I at the family seat, Stoneleigh Abbey in Warwickshire, when the king was refused entry to {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}
Coventry{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}, and a later Sir Thomas offered to do a similar service for Bonnie Prince Charlie in 1745. The Leighs were heavily fined by Cromwell\rquote 
s government but held onto their lands and their royalist sympathies. Jane Austen\rquote s great-grandfather, Theophilus Leigh of Adlestrop (1643-1725), though not a courtier of Charles II, adopted and maintained the Merry Monarch\rquote 
s style in his Gloucestershire home, was an expert at \lquote the running bow, the collected bow, the blowing out of the cheeks\rquote , wore a long black wig all his days and made his sons stand and drink \lquote Church and King\rquote 
 after every dinner. One of those sons, Dr Theophilus Leigh, was a scholar and wit and became one of Balliol\rquote s most famous and long-lived Masters, and a staunch supporter of the High Tory cause at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}Oxford{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}. His politics, his daughter recalled, \lquote led him into intimacies with the first people of that party\rquote  (from some of his letters in the British Library, it\rquote 
s clear that Leigh campaigned with relish on behalf of Charles Jenkinson, later Lord Liverpool, for one of the Oxford seats in the 1768 elections), and he was a member of the \lquote High Borlase\rquote  club which met annually at the King\rquote 
s Head to drink the health of the Pretender. Leigh was a leading Oxford figure for over fifty years, still Master of Balliol when James Austen went up to St John\rquote s in 1779 and when Jane and Cassandra Austen were sent brief
ly to school in Oxford in 1783.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa200\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1661364 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364           Dr Leigh\rquote 
s two children, Mary Leigh and Cassandra Cooke (first cousins of Jane Austen\rquote s mother, and well-known to the future novelist) were also engaged in writing pro-Stuart works in the 1780s and 90s. Cassandra\rquote s was a novel, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 Battleridge: An Historical Romance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 
 (published in 1799), which is set during the Civil War and involves a family split along Puritan-Royalist lines. In one scene, the \lquote detective\rquote  character, Dr Scot, goes to Aumerl Castle, stronghold of the dom
inant Puritan side of the family, and passes through the bleak hall, stripped of fine furniture and conviviality, where a preacher drones in one corner and in another a group is studying Foxe\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 Book of Martyrs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364  and \lquote shuddering over Mary\rquote s fiery reign\rquote . Over
 the chimney are set the skulls of a calf, a wolf and a fox with labels identifying them as \lquote Charles Stewart\rquote 
, Laud and Strafford. The latter, the leader of the House of Commons executed in 1641, was related to the Leighs and is also mentioned (admiringly, of course) in Austen\rquote s own \lquote History of England\rquote .
\par          Cassandra Cooke\rquote s elder sister Mary was both born a Leigh and married to one, her cousin, Thomas Leigh, rector of Adlestrop, who some years after her death inherited Stoneleigh Abbey. Mary Leigh wa
s a scholarly woman who had inherited much of her father\rquote s legendary wit.  The literary qualities of her \lquote History of the Leigh Family\rquote 
 (part of the Stoneleigh archive kept at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Records Office) go far beyond the usual standards of a manuscript intended for private circulation, and were undoubtedly admired at Steventon Rectory. One of Mary\rquote 
s reminiscences is of a very old family servant who had been sent out on the day of the battle of Edgehill to stand on the highway and wait for news. \lquote She saw a man ride furiously on, huzzaing and saying the King had won the day\rquote 
, whereupon Lady Leigh prematurely lit victory bonfires and prepared to entertain the whole neighbourhood. Ardent loyal women fill the pages of Mary\rquote s \lquote History\rquote ; even w
hen one of the Leighs marries into a Puritan clan, we are told that \lquote the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 ladies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 of the Pury family were all loyalists
\rquote  and had great influence on their husbands, and even their servants\rquote  husbands, through the potent agency of \lquote curtain lectures\rquote .  
\par           This family tradition of royalist, specifically Stuart, sympathies, passed down mainly through the distaff side, is evident in the unmodified tone of some of Austen\rquote 
s marginalia. It kicks in when Goldsmith is at his most Whiggish, or when he is displaying too much balance.  It also obliges Austen to defend (or at least support) some indefensible measures, such as James II\rquote 
s Declaration of Indulgence, hard to sympathise with on grounds of prudence, even if (as does Austen) one wishes to defend his right to
 make it.  Pro-Stuart of course requires her to be pro-Catholic to a degree, but Austen went further than was strictly necessary to underwrite her prejudicial partiality. Against Goldsmith\rquote s description of the bishops\rquote 
 objections to the Declaration, she writes \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 Modest!}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364  It would have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 impudent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364  had it been from Catholics I suppose.\rquote 
  Further in the same passage she applauds the measures adopted by one member of the clergy to get round the difficulty of having to read the Declaration to his congregation: h
e was obliged to read it, he told them, but no one was obliged to stay and listen. \lquote That\rquote s right, clever man!\rquote  says the Rector\rquote 
s daughter. But there are other times where she is less comfortable, cracking a feeble joke, for example, at James II\rquote s appointment of the Pope as one of his son\rquote s godparents (\lquote 
I wonder whether his Holiness gave the Nurse the accustomed fee\rquote ) and falling silent in her otherwise loud commentary on the 1745 rebellion when Goldsmith says \lquote The whole kingdom seemed unanimously bent upon 
opposing an enterprise, which they were sensible, as being supported by papists, would be instrumental in restoring popery.\rquote  She contents herself with the wry comment next to his opinion that \lquote all the sensible part of the kingdom\rquote 
 had given up the Jacobite cause, \lquote Sensible! Oh! Dr. Goldsmith Thou art as partial an Historian as myself!\rquote 
\par            The word recurs, of course, in the title of her own \lquote History of England [\'85] By a partial, prejudiced and ignorant Historian\rquote , finished in December 1791, but not pu
blished until 1922, which is, in effect, a History of the Stuarts, a \lquote pro-Stuart tragedy\rquote 
 as Margaret Ann Doody has called it, covering the period from Henry IV to Charles I and culminating in the regicide. It was written up by the fifteen-year old author in \lquote Volume the Second\rquote , a vellum notebook which also contained \lquote 
Lesley Castle and \lquote Love and Freindship\rquote . As readers will know, it is a delightfully silly and funny work (thought to have influenced Sellars and Yeatman\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 
1066 and All That}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 , which appeared eig
ht years after its first publication, in 1930), but in the context of the copious and wide-ranging Goldsmith marginalia perhaps not quite so straightforwardly light-hearted and \lquote girlish\rquote  as previously thought. If you read Austen\rquote s 
\lquote History\rquote  as a gloss on h
er gloss of Goldsmith, which it almost certainly post-dates, it shows a great talent for turning agitation into humour. The events that upset her in Goldsmith simply get left out of her own History, or debunked, or placed in absurd context. 
\par          From the start, her humour is completely disarming; \lquote 
I suppose you know all about the Wars between [Henry VI] and the Duke of York who was of the right side; if you do not, you had better read some other History, for I shall not be very diffuse in this, meaning by it only to vent my Spleen }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 and show my Hatred }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 all those people whose parties or principles do not suit with mine, and not to give information.\rquote  This is a history in which the prejudices of the author are fully exposed and satirised, and where
 all possible audience reactions have been considered in advance. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 Her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364  \lquote History\rquote  is going to be marginalia-proof. 

\par          When issues arise that stung Austen into answering Goldsmith back, she keeps firmly \lquote in character\rquote  as an unflappable humorist: \lquote As I 
am myself partial to the roman catholic religion, it is with infinite regret that I am obliged to blame the Behaviour of any Member of it; yet Truth being I think very excusable in an Historian, I am necessitated to say that in this reign [of James I] the
 roman Catholics of England did not behave like Gentlemen to the protestants\rquote . Astonishingly, for one who was wringing her hands over Goldsmith\rquote s account of the regicide, she dismisses the reign of Charles I thus: \lquote 
The events of this monarch\rquote s reign are too
 numerous for my pen, and indeed the recital of any Events (except what I make myself) is uninteresting to me; my principle reason for undertaking the History of England being to prove the innocence of the Queen of Scotland, which I flatter myself with ha
ving effectually done, and to abuse Elizabeth, tho\rquote  I am rather fearful of having fallen short in the latter part of my Scheme\rquote .   
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid3946766          }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid3946766\charrsid3946766 Austen\rquote s eloquence in defence of Mary Queen of Scots, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid3946766 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid3946766\charrsid3946766 one of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid3946766  first \line Characters in the World\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid3946766\charrsid3946766 , is her one return to the ardour of the marginalia:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid3946766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364\charrsid3946766 \lquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 
Abused, reproached and vilified by all, what must not her most noble Mind have suffered when informed that Elizabeth had given orders for her Death! Yet she bore it with a most unshaken fortitude; firm in her Mind; consta
nt in her Religion; and prepared herself to meet the cruel fate to which she was doomed, with a magnanimity that could alone proceed from conscious Innocence.\rquote  Elizabeth is condemned in the strongest terms - \lquote 
that disgrace to humanity, that pest of society\rquote  - and her ministers are \lquote Scandals to their Country and their Sex\rquote . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\cf1\insrsid3946766\charrsid3946766 
But even this ends in a joke, when the author laments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364\charrsid3946766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 that the only supporters of the \lquote bewitching Princess
\rquote  are now \lquote Mr Whitaker [author of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 Mary Queen of Scots Vindicated,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364  1787], Mrs Lefroy, Mrs Knight and myself\rquote . 

\par            Austen wrote nothing in Goldsmith alongside his highly sympathetic account of the imprisonment, trial and execution of Mary Queen of Scots. Perhaps she did not trust herself to. Peter Sabor also reprints in his edition of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 Juvenilia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364  Austen\rquote s marginal comments in her own copy of Vicesimus Knox\rquote s anthology, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 Elegant Extracts: or useful and entertaining Passages in Prose Selected for the Improvement of Scholars}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364  (c.1770), a book she handed on to an eight-year old ni
ece in 1801, perhaps indicating the age at which she had first read it herself. Austen\rquote 
s scribblings (in ink) next to passages about the characters of Mary and Elizabeth are more spontaneous, irritable and inelegant than anything she wrote in Goldsmith. \lquote No\rquote , \lquote No\rquote , \lquote Yes\rquote , \lquote a lie\rquote , 
\lquote another lie\rquote , \lquote a third\rquote  she writes in defence of Mary. \lquote A lie\rquote , \lquote A Lie \endash  an entire lie from beginning to end\rquote 
 she concludes next to a generally laudatory  passage about Elizabeth. The curtness, the monosyllables, the ineradicability of ink all make a display of rough feeling unlike anything else in Austen\rquote s personal or public writing. 
\par           Mary Augusta Austen-Leigh claimed that her great-aunt\rquote s habit in her maturity was to leave as long as possible between first draft and finished manuscript \lquote to dissipate the charm of recent composition\rquote 
. Looking at the tonal transition from her marginalia, to her own \lquote History of England\rquote , to the manuscripts of \lquote Catharine\rquote  and Northanger Abbey she left at her death, one could easily substitute the word \lquote vehemence
\rquote  for \lquote charm\rquote  in that sentence. Even at the age of fifteen, Jane Austen was aware that strong partialities are not easily compatible with being amusing and in the pert and brilliant comedy of \lquote The History of England\rquote 
 found a way both to enable and conceal outbursts of feeling. She ends with an elegant synthesis of the two moods, vindicating Charles I: \lquote 
with one argument I am certain of satisfying every sensible and well disposed person whose opinions have been properly guided by a good Education \endash  and this Argument is that he was a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 
Stuart}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24\insrsid1661364 .\rquote 
\par  
\par  
\par 
\par   
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